.500 S&W magnum (12.7x41 mm)

     The .500 Magnum (12.7x41 mm) is a semi-rimmed bullet developed by car-bon and S&W's X-GUN engineering team, for the use of S&W model 500 revolver.

.500 S&W in the middle

Performance:

    The .500 S&W is the most powerful hand gun bullet in the world by the virtue of the muzzle energy it generates, there are bullet types for this gun which are:

1. 21.1 Grams having 550 m/s velocity
2. 26 Grams having 495 m/s velocity
3. 29 Grams having 495 m/s velocity
4. 23 Grams having 602 m/s velocity (top performer)

  This bullet can produce 4,109 J of energy, it is clammed to be the most powerful hand gun bullet ever made, and delevers almost the same power as a shot gun slug.

  The .500 S&W because of its super bullet strength has a very high recoil energy and very high recoil velocity, because of this it throws the revolver upwards when the bullet is fired. 

This is why the S&W model 500 is equipped with a muzzle flash compensator and Hogue and Sarbothane grips, also the revolver's considerable weight plays a major role in reducing this effect.

  

  The Bullet's dimensions

  This bullet is extremely strong, so strong that it can open a big hole in a bear, so if you wana go hunting this is the gun that should be with you, or if you wana scare the shit out of some thug who thinks he can scare you trust me its noise is enough to do the job. :P

.50 calibre BMG (12.7x99 mm)

     .50 Calibre (12.7x99 mm) or also called .50 BMG or (Browning machine gun) was first used in .50 calibre browning machine gun in 1921. 
   This bullet is mostly used by heavy calibre machine guns how ever its also used by Sniper rifles, and in sniper rifles this bullet made the world record for the longest range kill ever.

Since this bullet is too strong and is able to produce 18,000 J of energy it can easily penetrate light armour in its AP mode, and can hit extreme long range targets, because of its high ballistic co-efficient this bullet suffers very less accuracy loss at long range targets. 

Bullet Dimensions

Because if this bullets usefulness and its large list of military applications this bullet is made into variety of types. like FMJ, tracers, Armour pearcing, sabot APs, Incendiary, Ball and even Armour pearcing explosive incendiary (APEI).

.50 Calibre ammo types:

one on most right (Ball type)

Red Tip: tracer

Silver pointed: SLAP

Silver pointed and red bodied: tracer Slap

Black tip: Armour pearcing

Blue Tip: Incendiary

Silver tip: Armour pearcing incendiary.

Red-Yellow Tip: SPOTTER ROUND

Green-Silver tip: MK211 Multi-purpose round.

.50 AE (12.7x33 mm)

   .50 AE is a large caliber hand gun bullet, and is the most powerful handgun bullet ever made. 

.50 AE next to .22 LR

   The Desert eagle was the first gun ever chambered with this bullet, actually the cartridge is 0.547 inch (13.6 mm) and therefore Desert eagle mark XIX was designed specifically for this bullet.

.50 AE next to .32 acp

Performance:
   The maximum chamber pressure for this bullet is 248 MPa and can produce almost 2490 J of energy, 
This bullet is commonly used to hunt big targets like bears, and considered unnecessary powerful for tactical defence, but you can imagine if it can easily kill armoured bares what will it do to humans. :P
  The hollow points of this bullets can easily break a wide hole in trees, and can even break their trunks down, and FMJ bullets can go right through a 4 people standing in line.

.50 AE (left) compared to other popular bullets of handguns 9mm (right) looks puny compaired to it.

.44 Magnum (10.9mm)

  The .44 Magnum is also known as .44 Remington magnum, is a bullet originally designed for revolvers, but later also got adopted by carbines and handguns.

  It was designed for a very high energy output without increasing the bullet's diameter too much, its a very high velocity round capable of killing almost any thing and is one of the most powerful hand gun bullets ever created. 

 If a heavy bullet is used this bullet is capable of reaching the velocity of 460 m/s and energy output of nearly 2,078 J which is higher then almost every hand gun bullet ever created, lets just say this bullet can easily bring down a small tree. 

.44 Magnum compared to other bullets,

2nd bullet to the left is .44 Magnum right next to .50 AE (left) and .357 Magnum (Right)

How ever such power comes with a prise of recoil, muzzle flash and sound. This bullet produces such hard recoil that its said to be unfit for people with small built, and if not shot in right posture the recoil could dislocate your wrist bones, it has a blinding muzzle flash and sound of a blast. 
 But if you want to kill a bull, this is the bullet to be used, and if a FMJ version is just it might just rip right through the bull.

.44 Magnum Bullet types

.40 S&W (10x22mm Smith & Wesson)

    The .40 S&W was developed from ground up by an American fire arms developer Smith&Wesson and Winchester, designed to duplicate the performance of FBI's 10mm auto, but with the ability to be retrofitted in 9mm guns.
  Depending on the bullet type it can weigh form 6.8 to 13 Grams.

Performance: 
  This Bullet is quite popular with law enforcing agencies in US, Canada and other NATO countries,.
  Having similar accuracy this bullet has significantly higher stopping power then 9mm parabellum having same, while having a more favourably recoil, This bullet also generates higher energy (between 480J to 670J) then .45 ACP but since having less mass has slightly less stopping power then .45 ACP.
  The hollow points (HP) of this bullet is capable of creating hydro-static shock, causing a significantly higher damage to internal organs.
  Its significantly better ballistic performance game the bullet the title of "Ideal bullet for self defence and law enforcing".
 The original loading of this bullet is designed to be subsonic at 300 m/s with the mass of 11.7 Grams.

Expanding Hollow point .40 S&W capable of creating hydro-static shock.

Bullet's Dimensions

.357 Magnum (9x33mmR)

   The .357 Magnum ammo is designed by (Smith & Wesson S&W) and winchester fire arms manufacturer, for revolvers.

  This bullet started the era of magnum hand gun ammo, the magnum ammo has the reputation for fire power and stopping power.

Performance: 
   The .357 has a substantial stopping power and its hollow point (HP) version enjoys more popularity then FMJ, but since this bullet is extremely hight velocity it has a single shot stoping power and is considerd a very reliable self defence bullet.
  Other then humans this bullet can also be used to hunt and can easily kill mid sized animals like dears wih a single shot.
  But if some one had a bright idea of hunting birds, he won't get anything to eat because the birds will just explode.
  The bullet has 490m/s muzzle velocity which is significantly higher then normal handgun bullet.

     This bullet is designed for revolvers because they give substantialy higher power at the cost of recoil, but normal semi-auto handguns waste some of this power to re-chamber other round and eject the used one.

.45 ACP (11.43x23mm)

    The .45 ACP (automatic colt pistol) also known as .45 auto, was a bullet designed by John Browning in 1904, to be used in a colt prototype pistol but was later used in Colt 1911 which was adopted by US army.

  

Performance:

     The .45 ACP combines high accuracy with stopping power and the ability to do massive internal damage compared to smaller bullets. This makes it a deadly bullet to be used against human targets, it also operates on lower chamber pressure compared to 9mm parabellum (240 MPa) and .40 S&W (260 MPa), the .45 operates with only (145 MPa) this elongates the life time of service for the gun .45 is used in. 

     How ever just like most of the large size bullets its a low velocity round and because of its large size it has low penetration against armour, but with out Armour its large size becomes its advantage even without hollow point (HP) or soft points (SP) this bullet's size gives it ability to give a heavy, deep and permanent damage making a wide wound, and heavy hydro-static shock wave. 

    Its moderate recoil allows the user to sustain his accuracy and rate of fire when shooting multiple rounds at a target.

    The bullet energies varies form 470 J to 680 J depending on the manufacturer, also this bullet is available in variety of types from hollow points (HP), soft points (SP) to full metal jacket (FMJ).

Bullet Dimensions

 .45 hollow point compared to 22 lr

 .45 full metal jacket (FMJ)

Variants of .45 HP, FMJ and bird shot

9x19mm parabellum

The 9x19mm parabellum was designed my Georg Luger and introduced in 1902 by a German weapons manufacturer (DWM) for their Luger semi-automatic pistol. 
   For this reason it is designed as the 9mm luger. 
   How ever it is different form 9x18 Makarov and 9mm browning (.380 ACP). But 9x19mm Parabellum is now a standard for NATO forces but .45 ACP is also used in different guns.

According to a 2006 weapons survey it is found that 9mm parabellum is the world's most popular hand gun ammo, and is used by 60% of the worlds law & enforcement all around the world, because of its compact size small weight it is preferred by most of the civilians because its a good bullet for self defence, because of its low cost and high availability are the reasons for this bullets continued popularity.
 After the World War 1 this bullet was widely accepted by many countries in the world to be used my military and commercial use around the world. 

Performance: 
The 9mm parabellum was designed to be lethal at 50 m range how ever the bullet travels and is lethal at longer ranges. 
  This bullet combines a flat trajectory with low recoil allowing the shooter to have high accuracy with high rate of fire. 

 Improvements and variations:

1. 9x19 +p: an attempt to increase the bullets effectiveness the pressure of these bullets were widely increased such bullets are designated as +p rounds, added with the hollow point technology these bullets were less likely to fragment and more likely to expand this increase its terminal efficiency.
2. The 9mm NATO can be considered as an over pressure variant of normal 9mm parabellum rounds, normal 9mm para has max pressure of 252 MPa, but 9mm NATO can be proved to have 315 MPa.
   
3. 9mm SESAMS (Special Effects Small Arms Marking System) this bullet functions as a paint ball and can be used for training simulations, and can be used with a M9 Beretta.
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   Bullet Dimensions.

7.62 x 39 mm

The 7.62x39mm bullet is of soviet origin and was designed during World war 2 and used in RPD machine guns. 
    Due to its world wide usage of SKS and AK-47, this bullet is used by both militaries and civilians alike.

This bullet is tested in extreme conditions and can be used from -50 to 50 degree C. It is tested in both extreme temperature of the polar to the burning hot deserts. 

It is influenced my many foreign modifications including German, and US used in M1 carbine.

  Shortly after World War 2 this bullet was used in worlds most popular military Patten rifle, The AK-47 its still used in AK series rifles all around the world, it remained soviet standard for a long time but now the modern AK-47 uses 5.45x39mm cartridge ammo.

The Russian commercial ammo can also be found in Soft point (SP) rounds, and Hollow point (HP), the soft point and hollow points provide improved accuracy. 

Ammo specifications for 57-N-231
Cartridge weight: 16.3 Grams
Bullet weight: 7.9 Grams
Muzzle velocity: 718 m/s
Muzzle energy: 2036j
Accuracy at 300m: 75mm

Ammo specifications for 57-N-231p (tracer round)
Cartridge weight: 16.1 Grams
Bullet weight: 7.57 Grams
Muzzle velocity: 718 m/s
Muzzle energy: 1951j
Accuracy at 300m: 140mm

Ammo specifications for 57-T-231PM1 (tracer round)
Cartridge weight: 16.05 Grams
Bullet weight: 7.55 Grams
Muzzle velocity: 718 m/s
Muzzle energy: 1946J
Accuracy at 300m: 140mm

7.62x54mm R

Its a rimmed rifle round designed by Russia to be introduced in 1891.
   It was orignaly designed for Russian Mosin-Nagant rifle. It is one of the only few rimmed cartridges that are still in service, and it has a history of longest service record then all other rimmed cartridges. 

Different models of Bullets

Including FMJ, Tracer, AP, Hollow point

 This bullet is still in used in Russian Dragunov Sniper rifle, as well as some modern machine guns like PKM.

 To increase accuracy of soviet Dragunov SVD, Russia developed 7N1 rounds which greatly increases its ballistic co-efficient.

Performance:
  Its ballistic performance is slightly better then 7.62x51mm NATO rounds. Its muzzle velocity is comparable to .308 Winchester bullet. The spritzer shaped bullets used in military variants have particularly elongated shape which provides a favourable ballistic co-efficient and sectional density contributing to long range attacks. 

Bullet dimensions.

7.62x51 mm NATO

This 7.62x51 NATO was developed in 1950's as a standard for small arms. Its like a twin for Russian 7.62x54mm R bullet so it should not be confused with it.

   The most popular works of this bullet are in M-14 sniper rifle and M-60 Machine gun. but before 5.56x45mm NATO bullet was made it was used as a standard ammo for most of the NATO guns, since the infantry adopted to 5.56mm because of its size and weight this bullet was discontinued to be used in ARs.

   But in case of sniper rifles you need a long range and killing power instead of more ammo and rate of fire so this bullet is still used in sniper rifles and machine guns, in both machine guns carried by the support type infantry and vehicle mounted weapons this bullet is used.

A 7.62mm compared to 5.56mm

  Although identical this bullet is not similar to .308 Winchester bullet in terms of muzzle pressure, powder load, cartridges thickness and kinetic energy and that is why its a military bullet and not a very commercial one.

 Some 7.62mm ammo types used by military and hunters.

1. 7.62 ball type NATO round: 9.8 grams a further development of initial T65 cartridge (M59)
2. 7.62 NATO high pressure test cartridge (M60): not for field issue just for weapons testing.
3. 7.62 Armour piercing (M61): 9.81 Grams AP round with black cartridge tip.
4. 7.62 Tracer round (M62): 9.2 Grams with orange cartridge tip.
5. 7.62 Dummy round (M63): only for testing weapon mechanism.
6. 7.62 Grenade (M64): this has no bullet and is blank it simply provides the pressure to throw a rifle grenade & is identified by a rose petal of cartridge.
7. 7.62 Ball type (M80) round: 9.5 grams, its a high velocity version of M59.
8. 7.62 Ball type "lead free" (M81a1): 7.4 grams round to be issued in 2014, its a lead free round.
9. 7.62 Ball type (M118lr): 11.3 grams this bullet uses a sierra hollow point and boat tailed bullet designed specificity for long range sniping.
10. 7.62 Tracer (M276): also called "Dim tracer" with reduced tracer effect to be used with night visions. 

5.56 x 45 Nato

The 5.56x45 NATO, or (5.56 NATO) is the ammo used by most of the modern weapons, This bullet was initially used in M16 Assault rifle,  it is a standard cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries.

Bullet Dimentions

      
If a bullet impacts with high enough velocity and yaws it can create dramatic wounding effects. This effect was first seen when US forces invaded Vietnam armed with M-16 AR in its early days while the US soldiers thought being armed with smaller bullet as compared to the enemy is a great disadvantage (Viet Cong were armed with Russian Ak-47 AR which uses 7.62 mm cartage).

 This bullet has almost half the kinetic energy compared to a 7.62 x 51 ammo how ever it has its own advantages, 
For example: 
>The 7.62 x 51 ammo has a heavy round and because of that it has excessive recoil, this is the reason soldiers and guns can't have high rate of fire in modern combat situations.
>Due to heavy ammo soldiers can't carry much of this ammo in combat and their clips can't carry more then 20 rounds while keeping their compact size, to big magazines can slow down reload speed and weight problems. 
If compared the M-14 magazines have 20 (7.62 x 51)rounds at 0.68 kg.
while a M-16 Magazines have 20 (5.56 x 45) rounds at 0.3 kg
This is half the weight of compared to 7.62 mm rounds which provides a massive advantage in warfare.


Performance:
  The 5.56x45mm NATO round with a standard 62 grams steel core bullets will penetrate approx  15 to 20 inch in soft tissue in standard conditions. 
  Because of its spitzer shaped bullet, it is prone to yaw inside a soft tissue, because of its impact velocity is roughly 761 m/s it may yaw around the cannelure of the bullet and then breaking into fragments.
 These fragments will then disperse into the flesh and internal organs causing additional damage to the body.

In simple words this is a DEADLY bullet.